Article
Why imaging-symptom concordance matters
A surgical target is better defined when symptoms, neurologic findings, and imaging point to the same anatomical problem.
Operative Concepts
Article-style surgical reasoning notes
Concise academic pages on the concepts that shape patient selection, technical boundaries, and surgical planning in endoscopic lumbar spine surgery.
Article
Decompression strategy in severe lumbar stenosis
Severe stenosis requires a planned sequence for exposure, ligament handling, contralateral reach, and neural safety.
Article
Technical boundaries of endoscopic lumbar fusion
UBE-TLIF has technical and biological limits that should be stated clearly in preoperative planning.
Article
Revision surgery under endoscopic visualization
Revision endoscopy emphasizes altered anatomy, scar tissue, and a narrowly defined operative target.
Article
Managing bleeding in biportal endoscopic surgery
Hemostasis in an irrigated endoscopic field requires anticipation, outflow control, and precise tissue handling.
Article
Learning curve in UBE surgery
UBE surgery involves a distinct set of visual, ergonomic, and safety-related skills that should be learned progressively.
Article
Surgical decision-making in elderly patients
Older patients require planning that integrates neurologic need, medical risk, frailty, bone quality, and recovery goals.
Article
Interbody Cage Selection and Endoscopic Approach Rationale in Biportal Spine Surgery
Technical considerations in interbody cage selection during biportal endoscopic spine surgery, and the rationale for endoscopic approach preferences, presented as an operative concept for surgical education.
Article
UBE Far-Lateral Approach and Foraminotomy with Discectomy at L5-S1
A technical note on right L5-S1 foraminal disc herniation and exiting L5 root decompression.